Information Technology and Defence Research
NCERT Class 10 • Contemporary India II • Chapter "Manufacturing Industries" | NCERT Class 12 • Fundamentals of Human Geography • Chapter on tertiary activities
Information Technology and Defence Research
Information technology covers the creation, storage, processing and transfer of information using computers and communication networks. It has become a basic infrastructure of modern life and one of India's most successful export sectors.
Computers, Networks and Services
- A computer has input devices, a processing unit, memory and output devices.
- Hardware is the physical machinery while software is the set of instructions that runs on it.
- Memory is of two kinds: temporary working memory and permanent storage that holds data after the power is off.
- The internet is a global network of networks, and the world wide web is the system of linked pages carried on it.
- E-governance delivers government services online, including certificates, pensions, land records, tax filing and grievance redress.
- Digital payment through mobile and card systems has spread rapidly and has reduced dependence on cash.
- IT services and business process work have made India a major exporter of software and back office services.
Defence Research and Emerging Areas
- India's defence research organisation develops missiles, radar, armour, aircraft systems, naval systems and electronic warfare equipment.
- Its work also produces spin off benefits in civilian medicine, materials, food technology and computing.
- Missiles are classified by launch platform, by range and by whether they are ballistic or cruise type.
- A ballistic missile follows a high arching path under gravity after the initial boost; a cruise missile flies low and is guided throughout its flight.
- Artificial intelligence, robotics, drones and cyber security are the emerging areas that now cut across both civilian and defence use.
- Cyber security matters because banking, power, transport and government records all depend on networks that can be attacked.
- Digital divide, the gap between those with access to technology and those without, is the main equity concern in this field.
| Term | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Hardware | The physical parts of a computer |
| Software | The instructions that run on the hardware |
| E-governance | Delivery of government services online |
| Digital divide | Gap between those with and without access |
Cruise missile — a missile that flies at low altitude and is guided throughout its flight, unlike a ballistic missile.
Exam me kaise aata hai
- Physical parts of a computer are called — hardware
- Delivery of government services online is called — e-governance
- A missile guided throughout its flight is a — cruise missile
- The gap in access to technology is called the — digital divide
UPSC/State PSC ke liye
- Defence research produces civilian spin offs because the same materials, sensors and computing advances have uses far beyond their original purpose.
- The digital divide converts a technological gap into a social one, since services delivered only online exclude exactly those who need them most.
Yahan confuse hote hain
✗ Hardware and software mean the same | Hardware is physical; software is the set of instructions | ✓
✗ The internet and the world wide web are the same | The web is one service carried on the internet | ✓
✗ Ballistic and cruise missiles fly the same way | Ballistic arcs high; cruise flies low and stays guided | ✓
Ek nazar me
- Hardware is physical; software is the instructions that run on it.
- The internet is a network of networks; the web is carried on it.
- E-governance and digital payment have spread government and financial services widely.
- Defence research yields civilian spin offs; the digital divide is the main equity concern.
Ab practice karein
Science aur technology se har exam me current aur factual questions bante hain. ExamAtlas ke mock test se abhi jaanchein.