Migration in India
NCERT Class 12 • India People and Economy • Chapter "Migration Types Causes and Consequences" | NCERT Class 9 • Contemporary India I • Chapter "Population"
Migration in India
Migration is the movement of people from one place to another for residence, either permanently or for a season. It is the third component of population change after birth and death, and although it does not change the country's total population, it strongly changes the distribution of people within it.
Types and Streams
- Internal migration happens within the country; international migration crosses national borders.
- Immigration is coming into a country and emigration is going out of it.
- Internal migration has four streams: rural to rural, rural to urban, urban to urban and urban to rural.
- Rural to rural is the largest stream in India, and most of it is women moving on marriage.
- Rural to urban is the stream that drives the growth of cities.
- Migration may be permanent, seasonal or daily commuting; harvest labour moving each season is seasonal migration.
- Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and Jharkhand send large numbers of workers to Punjab, Delhi, Maharashtra and Gujarat.
- Indians have also migrated abroad in large numbers, first as indentured labour and later as skilled professionals.
Causes and Effects
- Push factors drive people away: unemployment, small holdings, drought, flood, debt and lack of schools or health care.
- Pull factors draw people in: jobs, higher wages, education, medical facilities and a better standard of living.
- At the destination, migration supplies cheap labour but strains housing, water, transport and sanitation, creating slums.
- At the source, remittances sent home raise household income, improve housing and pay for education.
- The source region can also lose its most able workers, which is called brain drain when skilled people leave.
- Migration mixes languages, food and customs and helps social integration.
| Factor Type | Examples | Direction |
|---|---|---|
| Push | Unemployment, drought, debt | Away from source |
| Pull | Jobs, wages, education | Towards destination |
| Effect at source | Remittances, labour loss | Mixed |
| Effect at destination | Cheap labour, slum growth | Mixed |
Remittance — money sent home by a migrant worker to the family in the source region.
Hindi me samjhein
प्रतिकर्ष कारक वे हैं जो लोगों को उनके स्थान से बाहर धकेलते हैं, जैसे बेरोजगारी और सूखा। अपकर्ष कारक वे हैं जो लोगों को किसी स्थान की ओर खींचते हैं, जैसे रोजगार और बेहतर शिक्षा।
Exam me kaise aata hai
- Largest internal migration stream in India — rural to rural
- Money sent home by a migrant is called — remittance
- Unemployment and drought are which factors — push factors
- Going out of a country is called — emigration
UPSC/State PSC ke liye
- Rural to rural dominance is largely an effect of marriage migration by women, which is why the stream looks different when male and female data are read separately.
- Remittances make migration a genuine livelihood strategy for the source region rather than only a sign of its failure.
Yahan confuse hote hain
✗ Rural to urban is the largest stream in India | Rural to rural is the largest | ✓
✗ Immigration means leaving a country | Immigration is coming in; emigration is going out | ✓
✗ Migration changes the national population total | It changes distribution, not the national total | ✓
Ek nazar me
- Migration is the third component of population change.
- Four internal streams; rural to rural is the largest.
- Push factors drive out, pull factors draw in.
- Remittances help the source; slums and service strain affect the destination.