Kinds of Sentence by Sense and Sentence Transformation
Kinds of Sentence by Sense and Sentence Transformation
This topic supplies one to two questions and they are usually about transformation — turn the given sentence into a negative, a question or a complex sentence. The rules are few, so once they are grasped these questions are almost never lost.
Eight Kinds by Sense
| Kind | Test | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Vidhanvachak | a plain statement | वह पढ़ता है |
| Nishedhvachak | carries a negative | वह नहीं पढ़ता |
| Prashnvachak | asks a question | क्या वह पढ़ता है? |
| Agyavachak | an order or a request | तुम पढ़ो |
| Ichchhavachak | a wish | ईश्वर तुम्हें सुखी रखे |
| Sandehvachak | carries doubt | शायद वह आया हो |
The remaining two are sanketvachak, where one action depends on another, as in यदि वर्षा होती तो फ़सल अच्छी होती, and vismayadibodhak, which carries surprise or joy, as in वाह, कितना सुंदर दृश्य है.
✗ शायद वह आया हो is an ichchhavachak sentence | ✓ It is sandehvachak; the word शायद marks doubt
Rules of Transformation
The one test that governs every transformation is that the sense must not change. The paper usually asks for three kinds of change.
| From | To | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Simple | Complex | परिश्रमी छात्र सफल होते हैं → जो छात्र परिश्रम करते हैं, वे सफल होते हैं |
| Simple | Compound | वह पढ़कर सो गया → वह पढ़ा और सो गया |
| Affirmative | Negative | वह सच बोलता है → वह झूठ नहीं बोलता |
There is a subtlety in forming the negative. Adding नहीं is not enough — the word itself has to be reversed so that the sense stays the same. The correct negative of वह सच बोलता है is वह झूठ नहीं बोलता, not वह सच नहीं बोलता.
Voice and Transformation
From active to passive — राम पत्र लिखता है becomes राम द्वारा पत्र लिखा जाता है. In the passive the doer takes द्वारा or से. The impersonal voice is formed only from an intransitive verb, as in मुझसे चला नहीं जाता.
रूपांतरण की जाँच का सबसे आसान तरीका: बदला हुआ वाक्य पढ़कर देखिए कि अर्थ वही निकल रहा है या नहीं। अर्थ बदल जाए तो रूपांतरण गलत है, चाहे व्याकरण सही लगे।
TRE pointer: Fix the count of eight kinds and keep sandehvachak and sanketvachak apart, since those two are confused most often. In transformation there is only one rule — the sense must not change. Remember to reverse the word when forming a negative; adding नहीं alone is only half the answer.
60-Second Recap
- Sentences are of eight kinds by sense.
- शायद marks a sandehvachak and यदि-तो a sanketvachak sentence.
- In transformation the sense must never change.
- Turning simple into complex brings in जो-वह or कि.
- Forming a negative needs the word reversed, not only नहीं added.
- In the passive the doer takes द्वारा or से.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the difference between sandehvachak and sanketvachak?
A sandehvachak sentence expresses doubt about something happening and usually carries शायद or संभवतः. A sanketvachak sentence makes one action depend on another and takes the यदि-तो form, as in यदि वर्षा होती तो फ़सल अच्छी होती. One expresses uncertainty, the other a condition.
What is the main condition in sentence transformation?
That the sense must not change. The structure may change and the words may change, but whatever the sentence said must still be said in the new form. If the sense shifts, the transformation is wrong even if the grammar of the new sentence is faultless.
How is a simple sentence turned into a complex one?
By expanding an adjective or adverbial element into a full clause. परिश्रमी छात्र सफल होते हैं becomes जो छात्र परिश्रम करते हैं, वे सफल होते हैं. Here the single adjective परिश्रमी has grown into a complete dependent clause, which is exactly what makes the sentence complex.
What must be watched when forming a negative?
Simply adding नहीं changes the sense, so the word itself has to be reversed. The correct negative of वह सच बोलता है is वह झूठ नहीं बोलता. Writing वह सच नहीं बोलता reverses the meaning, which breaks the basic condition of transformation.