The Santhal Hool of 1855-56
The Santhal Hool of 1855-56
The Santhal Hool began on 30 June 1855 at Bhagnadih, when Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu called the Santhals to end the rule of zamindars, moneylenders and the Company. It was the largest tribal rising of the region before Birsa Munda.
Start — 30 June 1855 | Place — Bhagnadih | Leaders — Sidhu, Kanhu, Chand and Bhairav Murmu
Background
- From 1832 the British settled Santhals in the reserved tract of Damin-i-Koh
- The Santhal population of the tract grew very fast within two decades
- Cleared land attracted mahajans (moneylenders), traders and revenue farmers
- The kamiauti system of bonded labour trapped families in unending debt
- Weighing frauds such as kenaram and becharam scales cheated cultivators at every transaction
- Police and courts sided with the outsiders, so legal remedy was closed
The rising
- On 30 June 1855 a large gathering assembled at Bhagnadih in present Sahibganj districtबार-बार पूछा जाता है
- Leaders — the four Murmu brothers Sidhu, Kanhu, Chand and Bhairav, with sisters Phulo and Jhano
- The call was Karo ya maro, angrezon hamari mati chhodo in spirit — the Company's rule must end
- The rebels declared their own rule and stopped paying rent and debt
- The rising spread through the Rajmahal hills and toward Bhagalpur and Birbhum
- Bows, arrows and axes faced firearms, which decided the military outcome
Suppression
| Stage | What happened |
|---|---|
| June to July 1855 | Rising spreads rapidly across the Damin tract |
| Late 1855 | Regular troops deployed, martial law imposed |
| 1855 to 1856 | Sidhu and Kanhu captured and executed |
| January 1856 | Martial law lifted, the Hool ends |
| Result | Santhal Parganas created as a separate non-regulation district |
Result and significance
- The Santhal Parganas was carved out as a separate non-regulation district administered from Dumka
- Ordinary regulations and courts were kept out; officers ruled through simplified procedure
- This is the second big step, after 1834, toward special administration for tribal tracts
- The Hool is remembered as one of India's first large anti-colonial mass risings
- Hool Diwas is observed on 30 June every year in Jharkhand
Names and terms to lock in
- Hool means rebellion in Santhali
- Bhagnadih — the village where the call was given
- Damin-i-Koh — the settlement tract that created the grievance
- Mahajan and kamiauti — the moneylender and the bonded labour system
- Phulo and Jhano Murmu — the sisters remembered for fighting alongside their brothers
हूल (Hool) संथाली शब्द है जिसका अर्थ है विद्रोह। इसीलिए 30 जून को झारखंड में हूल दिवस मनाया जाता है, संथाल विद्रोह दिवस नहीं कहा जाता।
Memory hook — Chaar bhai, ek tarikh — Si-Ka-Cha-Bhai: Sidhu, Kanhu, Chand, Bhairav. Aur tarikh 30 June 1855 — Hool Diwas isi din hai, isliye ye date bhoolna mushkil hai.
Yahan confuse hote hain — Hool aur Ulgulan alag andolan hain, aur unke parinaam alag hain.
✗ Hool led to the CNT Act of 1908 | ✓ Hool led to Santhal Parganas district in 1855; the CNT Act followed the Ulgulan
✗ Hool 30 June 1856 ko shuru hua | ✓ Hool 30 June 1855 ko shuru hua, 1856 me khatam hua
Exam pointer — JPSC me Hool ke karan, uska parinaam aur SPT Act se uska rishta poochha jaata hai — aksar Ulgulan ke saath tulna me. JSSC CGL, JTGLCCE aur JTET me seedha date aur neta — 30 June 1855, Sidhu-Kanhu, Bhagnadih. Jharkhand ke har paper me is topic se question aata hai, isliye teen point pakke rakho.
Ek nazar me
- Start — 30 June 1855 at Bhagnadih
- Leaders — Sidhu, Kanhu, Chand, Bhairav Murmu
- Sisters — Phulo and Jhano Murmu
- Background — Santhal settlement in Damin-i-Koh from 1832
- Grievances — mahajan debt, kamiauti bondage, false weights
- Spread — Rajmahal hills toward Bhagalpur and Birbhum
- Suppressed with troops and martial law by January 1856
- Result — Santhal Parganas as a non-regulation district, HQ Dumka
- Hool means rebellion in Santhali
- Hool Diwas observed on 30 June every year
Ab isi chapter ke vidrohon par prashn ExamAtlas mock test me practice karo — Jharkhand GK ke JPSC aur JSSC dono pattern me.