The Directives Article by Article
NCERT Class 11 - Indian Constitution at Work, Chapter 2
The Directives Article by Article
The directives cover economic policy, labour, education, village government, law reform and foreign policy. Learning them article by article is worth the effort, since almost every factual question from this chapter refers to an article number.
Welfare and economic directives
| Article | Directive |
|---|---|
| 38 | Promote the welfare of the people and minimise inequalities of income, status and opportunity |
| 39(a) | Adequate means of livelihood for all citizens |
| 39(b) | Material resources of the community to be distributed to serve the common good |
| 39(c) | Prevent concentration of wealth and means of production |
| 39(d) | Equal pay for equal work for men and women |
| 39(e) | Protect the health and strength of workers and children |
| 39(f) | Children to be given opportunities to develop in a healthy manner |
| 39A | Equal justice and free legal aid |
- Article 38(2), added by the 44th Amendment, directs the state to minimise inequalities in income, status, facilities and opportunities.
- Article 39A was added by the 42nd Amendment and is the basis of the legal services authorities and lok adalats.
Labour, education and village directives
- Article 40 - organisation of village panchayats as units of self-government. This is the origin of the 73rd Amendment.
- Article 41 - right to work, education and public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement.
- Article 42 - just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief.
- Article 43 - living wage and decent standard of life for workers, and promotion of cottage industries in rural areas.
- Article 43A - participation of workers in the management of industries, added by the 42nd Amendment.
- Article 43B - promotion of cooperative societies, added by the 97th Amendment of 2011.
- Article 45 - originally free and compulsory education up to fourteen years; after the 86th Amendment it provides for early childhood care and education below six years.
- Article 46 - promotion of the educational and economic interests of scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and other weaker sections.
Law, culture, environment and peace
- Article 44 - a uniform civil code for all citizens throughout India.
- Article 47 - raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living, improve public health, and bring about prohibition of intoxicating drinks and drugs injurious to health.
- Article 48 - organise agriculture and animal husbandry on modern lines and prohibit the slaughter of cows, calves and other milch and draught cattle.
- Article 48A - protect and improve the environment, forests and wildlife, added by the 42nd Amendment.
- Article 49 - protect monuments and places of national importance.
- Article 50 - separation of the judiciary from the executive in the public services of the state.
- Article 51 - promote international peace and security, maintain just and honourable relations between nations, and encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitration.
हिंदी संकेत: अनुच्छेद 40 पंचायत, 44 समान नागरिक संहिता, 48क पर्यावरण, 50 न्यायपालिका का पृथक्करण और 51 अंतरराष्ट्रीय शांति - ये पांच सबसे अधिक पूछे जाते हैं।
Exam me kaise aata hai
The article-number to directive match is the most asked format in this chapter. Factual questions ask which article deals with the uniform civil code, panchayats or the environment. Statement-based questions test which articles were added by which amendment.
UPSC / State PSC ke liye
Note that the environment directive in Article 48A and the environment duty in Article 51A(g) were both inserted by the 42nd Amendment and are read together by the courts in environmental cases. On Article 44, be balanced - present it as a constitutional goal and note the debate on timing and method rather than taking a position.
Yahan confuse hote hain
✗ Article 44 deals with village panchayats | ✓ Article 40 deals with panchayats; Article 44 is the uniform civil code
✗ Article 50 requires separation of powers between all three organs | ✓ It requires separation of the judiciary from the executive in public services
✗ Equal pay for equal work is a Fundamental Right | ✓ It is Directive Principle 39(d), not a Fundamental Right
Ek nazar me
- Article 38 - welfare state and minimising inequality; Article 39 covers livelihood and resources.
- Article 39(d) - equal pay for equal work; Article 39A - free legal aid.
- Article 40 - village panchayats; Article 41 - right to work, education and assistance.
- Article 43 - living wage and cottage industries; Article 43B - cooperative societies.
- Article 44 - uniform civil code; Article 45 - early childhood care and education.
- Article 47 - nutrition and prohibition; Article 48A - environment; Article 50 - separation of the judiciary.
- Article 51 - international peace and settlement of disputes by arbitration.