Internet, Networking, Cyber Security and Digital India
Internet, Networking, Cyber Security and Digital India
The last computer topic covers how computers talk to each other: internet protocols, email, network types and devices, online threats and how to stay safe, India's digital public infrastructure, and emerging technologies such as AI, cloud and 5G. Expect full forms, "which device does this" and "which threat is this" questions.
1. Internet and Email
| Item | Fact |
|---|---|
| ARPANET | Forerunner of the internet (1969) |
| World Wide Web | Invented by Tim Berners-Lee (1989) |
| HTTP / HTTPS | HyperText Transfer Protocol; HTTPS is the secure version |
| URL | Uniform Resource Locator: address of a web page |
| DNS | Domain Name System: turns domain names into IP addresses |
| IP address | IPv4 is 32-bit; IPv6 is 128-bit |
| Browser | Chrome, Firefox, Edge, Safari |
| ISP | Internet Service Provider |
| First email | Ray Tomlinson (1971); introduced @ in addresses |
| CC and BCC | Carbon copy (visible to all) and blind carbon copy (hidden from others) |
| SMTP | Sends email; POP3 and IMAP receive it |
| Spam | Unwanted bulk email |
2. Networking and Cyber Security
| Item | Fact |
|---|---|
| PAN, LAN, MAN, WAN | Personal, local (office), metropolitan (city), wide (country or world; the internet is the largest WAN) |
| Topologies | Bus, star (central hub or switch), ring, mesh, tree |
| Router | Connects different networks and forwards data packets |
| Switch, hub | Connect devices within a LAN; a switch sends data only to the right device |
| Modem | Modulator-demodulator: converts digital and analogue signals |
| Virus | Malicious code that attaches to a host file |
| Worm | Spreads by itself across networks |
| Trojan horse | Looks useful but hides harmful code |
| Ransomware | Locks data and demands payment |
| Phishing | Fake emails or sites that steal passwords and bank details |
| Firewall | Filters traffic between a network and the internet |
| CERT-In | India's national agency for cyber incidents |
| IT Act | Information Technology Act, 2000 |
3. Digital India and Emerging Technology
| Item | Fact |
|---|---|
| Digital India | Launched 1 July 2015 |
| UPI | Unified Payments Interface, launched 2016 by NPCI |
| Aadhaar | 12-digit identity number issued by UIDAI |
| DigiLocker | Cloud storage for official documents |
| UMANG | Single app for many government services |
| BharatNet | Optical fibre broadband for gram panchayats |
| Artificial intelligence | Term coined by John McCarthy (1956) |
| Cloud computing | Services over the internet: SaaS, PaaS, IaaS |
| Internet of Things | Everyday devices connected to the internet |
| Blockchain | Shared, tamper-resistant digital ledger |
| 5G in India | Launched 1 October 2022 |
| IndiaAI Mission | Approved in 2024 to build AI computing capacity |
✗ BCC recipients are visible to everyone | ✓ BCC recipients are hidden from other recipients; CC recipients are visible
✗ A virus spreads on its own without a host file | ✓ A worm spreads on its own; a virus needs a host file
हिंदी नोट: WWW का आविष्कार टिम बर्नर्स-ली ने किया। BCC में जोड़े गए लोगों के नाम अन्य प्राप्तकर्ताओं को नहीं दिखते। फ़िशिंग नकली ईमेल या वेबसाइट से पासवर्ड चुराना है। डिजिटल इंडिया 1 जुलाई 2015 को शुरू हुआ और UPI को NPCI ने 2016 में शुरू किया।
Exam Pointer: No NTPC shift was verified for these patterns in this run (the search limit was reached before these were checked); they are tagged syllabus-based. Full forms, CC/BCC and network-device questions are standard in RRB papers.
Pariksha Pattern: Every Way NTPC Asks This Topic
Pattern 1: Internet protocols and full forms
[Pattern: syllabus-based, PYQ-style]
EXAM LEVEL
Q. What is the full form of URL?
Uniform Resource Locator.
Answer: Uniform Resource Locator
EXAMATLAS LEVEL
Q. What does DNS do, how many bits does an IPv6 address have, and who invented the World Wide Web?
DNS translates domain names such as a website name into IP addresses. IPv6 uses 128 bits. Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1989.
Answer: Names to IP addresses; 128; Tim Berners-Lee
Pattern 2: Email basics
[Pattern: syllabus-based, PYQ-style]
EXAM LEVEL
Q. Which email field hides a recipient's address from the other recipients?
BCC, blind carbon copy.
Answer: BCC
EXAMATLAS LEVEL
Q. Which protocol sends email and which two receive it? Who sent the first email?
SMTP sends email; POP3 and IMAP receive it. Ray Tomlinson sent the first networked email in 1971 and introduced the @ symbol.
Answer: SMTP; POP3 and IMAP; Ray Tomlinson
Pattern 3: Networks, topologies and devices
[Pattern: syllabus-based, PYQ-style]
EXAM LEVEL
Q. Which device converts digital signals into analogue signals and back?
A modem (modulator-demodulator).
Answer: Modem
EXAMATLAS LEVEL
Q. Which network type covers a city, which topology connects every device to a central hub, and which device forwards packets between different networks?
A MAN covers a city. A star topology uses a central hub or switch. A router forwards packets between networks.
Answer: MAN; star; router
Pattern 4: Cyber threats, Digital India and emerging tech
[Pattern: syllabus-based, PYQ-style]
EXAM LEVEL
Q. A fake email asking you to click a link and enter your bank password is an example of what?
Phishing.
Answer: Phishing
EXAMATLAS LEVEL
Q. Which threat locks your files and demands payment? Which organisation runs UPI, and when was 5G launched in India?
Ransomware locks files for payment. UPI is run by the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI). 5G was launched on 1 October 2022.
Answer: Ransomware; NPCI; 1 October 2022
60-Second Revision
- URL, HTTP(S), DNS; IPv4 32-bit, IPv6 128-bit; Tim Berners-Lee WWW.
- CC visible, BCC hidden; SMTP sends, POP3 and IMAP receive.
- LAN, MAN, WAN; star topology; router between networks; modem converts signals.
- Virus needs host, worm self-spreads, phishing steals data; Digital India 2015, UPI 2016, 5G 2022.
Next Step: Computer Awareness done, and with it all of General Science. Finish with full-length ExamAtlas RRB NTPC 2026 mock tests to put every chapter together under exam timing.