Noun, Pronoun and Adjective in Hindi
Noun, Pronoun and Adjective in Hindi
This area supplies two questions and they are almost always about identifying a class — which kind of noun the given word is, which pronoun is being used, what type of adjective it is. Examples matter more here than definitions, because recognition has to be instant under exam conditions.
The Five Kinds of Noun
| Kind | Meaning | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Vyaktivachak | name of one particular thing | राम, गंगा, पटना |
| Jativachak | name of a whole class | लड़का, नदी, नगर |
| Bhavvachak | name of a quality or state | बुढ़ापा, मिठास, वीरता |
| Samuhvachak | name of a group | सेना, सभा, कक्षा |
| Dravyavachak | name of a material | सोना, दूध, तेल |
Bhavvachak nouns are asked most often, because they can be formed from all four other word classes — from a noun, मित्र gives मित्रता; from an adjective, मीठा gives मिठास; from a verb, लिखना gives लिखावट; and from a pronoun, अपना gives अपनापन.
✗ बुढ़ापा is a jativachak noun | ✓ It is bhavvachak, because it names a state rather than a class of things
The Six Kinds of Pronoun
| Kind | Examples |
|---|---|
| Purushvachak | मैं, तुम, वह |
| Nijvachak | आप, स्वयं, अपने आप |
| Nishchayvachak | यह, वह |
| Anishchayvachak | कोई, कुछ |
| Sambandhvachak | जो, सो |
| Prashnvachak | कौन, क्या |
One subtlety matters here. The word आप appears in two roles — as a respectful purushvachak pronoun when someone else is addressed, and as a nijvachak pronoun when the subject points back at himself, as in मैं यह काम आप ही कर लूँगा. Decide by the sense of the sentence, never by the word alone.
The Four Kinds of Adjective
- Gunvachak — states a quality, colour or condition, such as सुंदर, काला, पुराना.
- Sankhyavachak — states number, such as दस, कुछ, दूसरा.
- Parimanvachak — states quantity or measure, such as थोड़ा, दो किलो, बहुत.
- Sarvanamik — an adjective formed from a pronoun, such as यह लड़का, वह घर.
The noun whose quality is described is called the visheshya. The three degrees are also asked — मूलावस्था as in सुंदर, उत्तरावस्था as in सुंदरतर, and उत्तमावस्था as in सुंदरतम.
पहचान का सरल तरीका: शब्द से पहले कौन, क्या, कैसा, कितना पूछकर देखिए। कैसा का उत्तर मिले तो गुणवाचक, कितना का उत्तर मिले तो परिमाणवाचक या संख्यावाचक विशेषण है।
TRE pointer: Forming a bhavvachak noun is the most predictable question in this area — मित्र to मित्रता, मीठा to मिठास, लिखना to लिखावट. Be sure of the two uses of आप. The three degrees of an adjective also recur, so hold one full sequence such as सुंदर, सुंदरतर, सुंदरतम.
60-Second Recap
- Hindi nouns are of five kinds.
- Bhavvachak nouns can be formed from all four other word classes.
- There are six kinds of pronoun.
- आप can be either purushvachak or nijvachak, depending on the sense.
- Adjectives are of four kinds, and the noun described is the visheshya.
- The three degrees are mool, uttar and uttam.
Frequently Asked Questions
How is a bhavvachak noun formed?
From four kinds of words. From a noun, as मित्र gives मित्रता; from an adjective, as मीठा gives मिठास; from a verb, as लिखना gives लिखावट; and from a pronoun, as अपना gives अपनापन. That it can be built in all four directions is what makes it the most popular question in this area.
When is आप a personal pronoun and when reflexive?
When another person is being addressed with respect, it is purushvachak, as in आप कहाँ जा रहे हैं. When the subject points back at himself, it is nijvachak, as in मैं यह काम आप ही कर लूँगा. Only the sense of the sentence settles it.
What is the difference between visheshan and visheshya?
The visheshan is the word that describes, and the visheshya is the noun being described. In सुंदर लड़का, सुंदर is the visheshan and लड़का is the visheshya. Both appear in the same phrase, so both terms need to be held together.
What is a sarvanamik adjective?
A pronoun that stands before a noun and begins to describe it. In वह घर बड़ा है, वह is a sarvanamik adjective, whereas in वह जा रहा है the same word is simply a pronoun. The class changes with the position and the role.