Transportation in Plants and Animals
NCERT Class 10 • Science • Chapter "Life Processes" | NCERT Class 7 • Science • Chapter "Transportation in Animals and Plants"
Transportation in Plants and Animals
Every multicellular organism needs a way to move food, water and gases between the place where they are obtained and the cells that use them. Plants solve this with two conducting tissues, while animals use a circulating fluid driven by a pump.
Transport in Plants
- Xylem carries water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots to the leaves.
- The pull that draws water up is created by transpiration, the loss of water vapour from leaves through stomata.
- Root pressure helps push water up, particularly at night when transpiration is low.
- Transpiration also cools the plant and helps minerals move with the water stream.
- Phloem carries the food made in the leaves to all parts of the plant, in both upward and downward directions.
- The movement of food in phloem is called translocation, and unlike xylem transport it requires energy.
The Human Circulatory System
- The heart is a muscular pump with four chambers: two atria above and two ventricles below.
- The right side handles deoxygenated blood and the left side oxygenated blood, and the two never mix, which is called double circulation.
- Valves between the chambers prevent the backward flow of blood.
- Arteries carry blood away from the heart with thick elastic walls, and veins carry it back with valves inside.
- Capillaries are one cell thick, which is what lets exchange with the tissues take place.
- Blood has plasma, red blood cells carrying haemoglobin, white blood cells fighting infection and platelets helping clotting.
- The lymphatic system drains excess tissue fluid back into the blood and carries digested fat.
- Blood pressure is the force of blood against artery walls, and persistently high pressure damages the heart and kidneys.
| Vessel | Direction | Wall and Valves |
|---|---|---|
| Artery | Away from heart | Thick and elastic, no valves |
| Vein | Towards heart | Thinner, valves present |
| Capillary | Between artery and vein | One cell thick |
Transpiration — the loss of water vapour from the aerial parts of a plant, mainly through the stomata of leaves.
Hindi me samjhein
धमनियां हृदय से रक्त बाहर ले जाती हैं और उनकी दीवारें मोटी होती हैं। शिराएं हृदय की ओर रक्त लाती हैं और उनमें कपाट होते हैं जो रक्त को पीछे लौटने नहीं देते।
Exam me kaise aata hai
- The human heart has how many chambers — four
- Which blood cells fight infection — white blood cells
- Loss of water vapour from leaves is called — transpiration
- Movement of food in phloem is called — translocation
UPSC/State PSC ke liye
- Double circulation keeps oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separate, which allows the high efficiency that warm blooded animals need.
- Veins have valves and arteries do not, because blood in veins travels at low pressure and would otherwise flow backward.
Yahan confuse hote hain
✗ All arteries carry oxygenated blood | The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood | ✓
✗ Phloem transport needs no energy | Translocation requires energy, unlike xylem transport | ✓
✗ Veins carry blood away from the heart | Veins carry blood towards the heart | ✓
Ek nazar me
- Xylem carries water upward, pulled by transpiration and pushed by root pressure.
- Phloem translocates food in both directions and needs energy.
- The heart has four chambers and runs a double circulation.
- Arteries carry blood away, veins bring it back, capillaries allow exchange.